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65 歲後 10 個動作儘量別做

爬樓梯每年致 2 萬美國人死亡   
65 歲後 10 個動作儘量別做 
2015-01-14 

爬樓梯可能給身體帶來傷害?美國的一項研究表明,超過 51% 的老年人跌倒與爬樓梯相關,爬樓梯每年導致 2 萬美國人死亡。國內外專家共同提醒,下面 10 個動作 65 歲以後儘量別做。 


快速轉頭 
“ 這個動作容易導致頭痛、頭暈,嚴重時甚至可能誘發心腦血管病急性發作、頸部骨折等。 ” 中國健康教育中心專家沈雁英教授告訴《生命時報》記者,有高血壓、頸椎病、骨質疏鬆等疾病的老年人尤其要避免。這是因為,轉頭時脖子也跟著動,脖子雖細,卻包含頸椎、密集的神經和血管等組織,是重要的 “ 生命線 ” ,脖子兩側的頸動脈為大腦提供 80% 以上的供血,大腦發出的信號都要經過頸部下行。老年人往往高發心腦血管疾病,且頸椎更為脆弱,因此轉頭時一定要有意識地放慢速度。 


彎腰夠腳面 
“ 雙腿直立,然後彎腰用雙手夠腳面,這是常見的熱身動作,也總被我們用來衡量一個人的靈活性。 ” 但是,美國醫學專家約翰 · 懷特博士提醒,過了 65 歲再做這個動作,對脊柱、骨骼、肌肉,乃至血壓等都會造成不良影響。上了年紀後,連接我們臀部和背部的關節力量開始削弱,更易導致肌肉損傷甚至骨折。當然,運動前的熱身必不可少,可以通過活動腕關節、踝關節,或快走幾分鐘來代替。 
仰臥起坐。 如果你是年輕人,最好每晚堅持做幾十個仰臥起坐,但過了 65 歲,就別再堅持了。沈雁英說,老年人做仰臥起坐可能存在三大風險,一是雙手抱頭需要前驅力量,但可能因手臂肌肉力量不足,導致身體不平衡;二是它幾乎要用到人體的整條脊柱,而很多老年人頸椎、腰椎都有問題,再加上骨質疏鬆,極易造成運動損傷;三是頭部的位置變化較大,且以低頭為主,心腦血管病患者可能因此造成血壓升高,發生意外。 


軀幹扭轉 
從身體的一側,以腰部為軸心,盡可能旋轉到另一側,這個動作對提高身體柔韌性有一定好處。但約翰 · 懷特表示,老年人背部肌肉力量下降,活動範圍也開始受限,站著做這個動作很容易造成運動損傷,也可能因身體不平衡導致摔倒。如果老年人想做這個動作,可以躺著或坐著進行。沈雁英提醒,大家一定要護好腰部,切忌轉腰太快,如果想鍛煉柔韌性,可以選擇打太極拳、游泳等方式。 


爬樓梯
進入老年後,人體肌肉會減少 3%~5% ,身體平衡能力也變差,爬樓梯這個鍛煉方法有可能導致意外發生。約翰 · 懷特說,資料顯示,在 65 歲以上的老人跌倒中,超過 51% 與爬樓梯相關,爬樓梯每年導致 2 萬人死亡,乘電梯導致死亡的僅有 27 人。沈雁英說,絕大多數 65 歲以上的老年人,關節已經退化,上下樓梯或爬山時,膝關節承受的人體重量是平時的 3~5 倍,這會加重關節老化。她建議,老年人最好不要選擇爬樓梯這個鍛煉方法,如果需要上下樓,一定要抓穩扶手。 


站著穿褲子 
老年人的韌帶和關節已出現不同程度的老化或病變,站著穿褲子或穿鞋,不僅容易因平衡性差導致跌倒,繼而造成骨折,還有可能因為總低頭而刺激心腦血管,導致血壓升高。因此,老年人穿褲子或鞋襪時,一定要坐在椅子或床上,實在不行,也應依靠在可以固定的地方。


倒著走路 
很多人認為倒著走路改變了平時一成不變的走路方式,能緩解大腦衰老。但其實,大腦支配對側的理論主要是針對左右兩側,並不適用於前後。倒著走路,由於老年人的平衡性、視力、反應能力等有所下降,反而容易引發意外。如果聽到意外聲響,老年人還容易條件反射地猛回頭,更增加了健康風險。她認為,正常的快走就是最好的運動方式,走路時可以在手中邊走邊揉健身球或核桃,這對刺激末梢迴圈有好處。如果堅持要倒著走,也一定要找個人少、車少的安全地段,並最好有人在後面隨時提醒風險。


猛起床 
人的血壓並非一成不變,夜間和白天會有較大波動,正因此,早上醒來後千萬不能起床過猛,尤其對於老年人來說。國家心血管病中心辦公室主任陳偉偉告訴記者,當我們在夜裡睡覺時,血壓比較低,剛蘇醒時,血壓會快速上升,部分有清晨高血壓的患者尤其如此,如果起床太快太猛,有可能造成血壓突然升高,導致心腦血管病急性發作。此外,起床過猛還容易導致體位性低血壓,會因腦供血不足而導致暈厥或眩暈。 65 歲以後的老年人起床時要遵循 “221” 原則,即醒來後睜眼在床上躺 2 分鐘,起身後在床上坐 2 分鐘,然後坐在床邊等 1 分鐘,最後再站起來下地活動。


彎腰取重物 
生活中,不少人都有過 “ 閃腰 ” 的經歷。沈雁英說,彎腰取重物是人人都要避免的動作, 65 歲以上的老年人尤其要注意。這是因為他們的腰部經過長年累月的 “ 服役 ” ,已經出現各種各樣的問題,彎腰直接提取重物,很可能導致意外發生。取重物時要 “ 三步走 ” :第一步,先將身體向重物靠攏;第二步,屈膝、屈髖,用雙手把物品拿穩;第三步,伸膝伸髖,這樣就把物品拿起來了。 


 排便太用力
70 歲的廈門人王大爺患高血壓 10 多年,最近出現便秘,有天早上好不容易來了 “ 便意 ” ,他一心急,排便時太過用力,沒想到突然頭暈目眩,突發腦溢血,一頭栽倒在地上。沈雁英解釋說,高血壓等心腦血管病患者,血管彈性變差,排便時患者的腹壓增高,外周血管的阻力增加,血壓隨之上升,如果此時用力過大,很可能導致顱內血管壓力劇增,突發腦溢血。老年人排便時,一定別太著急,慢慢來。養成定時排便的習慣,多吃蔬菜水果,便秘問題也迎刃而解。 

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